An application that is nearing its usage limit. To increase the amount of users it can handle, you allo-cate additional memory resources to each instance of the application.
What type of scaling is this?
- A . Horizontal Scaling
- B . Cluster Autoscaling
- C . Recursive Scaling
- D . Vertical Scaling
D
Explanation:
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Which of the following best describes a cloud-native app?
- A . An application where all logic is coded into a single large binary.
- B . An application that publishes an HTTPS web front-end.
- C . An application that takes advantages of cloud computing fromworks and their loosely coupled cloud services.
- D . An application that leverages services that are native to public cloud platforms such as Azure, GCP, and/or AWS.
C
Explanation:
Cloud-native apps leverage cloud computing frameworks and tend to be microservices based, where individual components of the app are coded as individual.
Which project in this list is a leading project in the observability space?
- A . Jaeger
- B . Vitess
- C . Argo
- D . Kubernetes
A
Explanation:
https://github.com/cncf/landscape#trail-map
To specify a Kubernetes object which language is used?
- A . JSON
- B . Go
- C . YAML
- D . Node
- E . Python
C
Explanation:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/kubernetes-objects/
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What is OPA?
- A . Open Permission Agent
- B . Online Policy Audit
- C . Open Policy Agent
- D . Offline Policy Accessor
C
Explanation:
https://www.cncf.io/projects/open-policy-agent-opa/
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Which access control component of Kubernetes is responsible for authorization and decides what requestor is allowed to do?
- A . Service Account
- B . Role-based access control ‘RBAC’
- C . Deployment
B
Explanation:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authorization/
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Which authentication method allows JWTs to authenticate?
- A . OpenId connect
- B . Client ‘TLS’ certificates
- C . OPA gatekeeper
- D . Anonymous
Which of the following are characteristics of Statefulsets?
- A . Ordered, graceful deployment and scaling
- B . Creates replica sets
- C . Uses headless services
A
Explanation:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/statefulset/
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What does the ‘kops’ acronym means?
- A . Kubernetes Open Platform Specification
- B . Kubernetes Operations
- C . Kubernetes Operators
- D . Kubernetes Operation Policy Specification
B
Explanation:
https://github.com/kubernetes/kops
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Which prometheus metric type represents a single number value that can increase and decrease over time?
- A . Gauge
- B . Histogram
- C . Summary
- D . Counter
A
Explanation:
https://prometheus.io/docs/concepts/metric_types/#gauge
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In distributed system tracing, is the term used to refer to a request as it passes through a single com-ponent of the distributed system?
- A . Log
- B . Span
- C . Trace
- D . Bucket
B
Explanation:
https://www.splunk.com/en_us/data-insider/what-is-distributed-tracing.html
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What is scheduling in Kubernetes
- A . Determining when to execute a cron-job
- B . Assigning pods to nodes
- C . Joining a new nodes to the clusters
- D . Setting a time for automated tasks
B
Explanation:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/scheduling-eviction/
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Have a pod ‘hello’ and a container in that pod ‘green’.
Which of the following commands would get the logs for that container?
- A . alias k=’kubectl’
k logs -p hello -c green - B . alias k=’kubectl’
k logs hello -c green - C . alias k=’kubectl’
k get logs -p hello -c green - D . alias k=’kubectl’
k logs -p hello green
B
Explanation:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/generated/kubectl/kubectl-commands#logs
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Which of the following is not the part of Kubernetes Control Plane?
- A . kube scheduler
- B . etcd (pronounce: esty-d)
- C . kube api-server
- D . kube-proxy
D
Explanation:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/components/
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What Linux feature is used to provide isolation for containers?
- A . Processes
- B . Services
- C . NetworkPolicy
- D . Control groups
D
Explanation:
Control groups provide isolation for container processes, keeping them separate from other process-es on the host.
What do GitOps tools do in kubernetes?
- A . They allow us to make changes to a kubernetes cluster using a Git repository
- B . They manage the source code of kubernetes itself
- C . They allow us to store software code in Git
- D . They allows us to store container images in repositories
A
Explanation:
https://fluxcd.io/docs/components/
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Which control plane component is responsible for scheduling pods?
- A . kube-proxy
- B . kube scheduler
- C . kubelet
- D . kube api-server
B
Explanation:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/components/
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What are the two goals of Cloud-Native?
- A . Rapid innovation and automation
- B . Slow innovation and stable applications
- C . Frequent deployments and well-defined organizational silos
- D . Rapid innovation and reliability
D
Explanation:
https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/cloud-native-apps
Which organizational persona creates Service Level Agreements ‘SLA’, Service Level Objectives ‘SLO’, and Service Level Indicator ‘SLI’?
- A . Developer
- B . DevSecOps
- C . Site Reliability Engineer (SRE)
- D . Security and Compliance Engineer
- E . DevOps
C
Explanation:
SREs create SLAs, SLOs, and SLIs to define and implement standards for application and infra-structure reliability.
Notary and the update framework leading security projects in CNCF
- A . TRUE
- B . FALSE
A
Explanation:
https://github.com/cncf/landscape#trail-map
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What is a commonly used package manager for kubernetes applications?
- A . npm
- B . apt
- C . helm
- D . kubernetes manifest
C
Explanation:
https://helm.sh/
Which is NOT a use case for the Kubernetes dashboard?
- A . Troubleshooting any issues with applications
- B . Managing running applications
- C . Installing new Kubernetes cluster
- D . Managing the entire Kubernetes cluster
What is not semantic versioning?
- A . 1.0.0
- B . 2022-05-04
- C . 1.0.0-alpha
- D . 1.0.0-beta.2
B
Explanation:
https://semver.org/RegEx SemVer at https://regex101.com/r/vkijKf/1/
What kind of limitation cgroups allows?
- A . Prioritization
- B . Resource limiting
- C . Accounting
- D . None of the options
- E . Control
- F . Server cpu and memory
What is container orchestration?
- A . Packaging code and all of its dependencies into a single executable
- B . Adding code to a container image so it can run as a container
- C . Using automation to manage containers
- D . Spinning a new containers to replace old ones
C
Explanation:
https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/containers/what-is-container-orchestration
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How would you return all the pod data in the json format using kubectl command?
- A . kubectl get pods -o json
- B . kubectl get pods –all-namspaces
- C . kubectl get pods -o wide
- D . kubectl get pods -o jsonpath
A
Explanation:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/generated/kubectl/kubectl-commands#get
kubeadm is an administrative dashboard for kubernetes
- A . False
- B . True
A
Explanation:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/setup-tools/kubeadm/
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Which of the following provides cloud-native storage orchestration?
- A . Cloud Provider Specific storage (EBS, EFS, Cloud Storage)
- B . Cloud Storage
- C . Storage IO
A
Explanation:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/persistent-volumes/#types-of-persistent-volumes
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Which Kubernetes resource creates Kubernetes Jobs?
- A . JobFactory
- B . CronJob
- C . Task
- D . JobDeployment
B
Explanation:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/cron-jobs/
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Which project is not a dominant CNCF project in the storage landscape?
- A . Envoy
- B . Vitess
- C . Rook
- D . TiKV
A
Explanation:
https://github.com/cncf/landscape#trail-map
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What do control groups provide when it come to containers
- A . Permission
- B . Image Storage
- C . Isolation
- D . Logging
C
Explanation:
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In Kubernetes, what is considered the primary cluster data source?
- A . etcd (pronounce: esty-d)
- B . api server
- C . kubelet
- D . scheduler
A
Explanation:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/components/#etcd
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Which part of a Kubernetes cluster is responsible for running container workloads?
- A . Worker Node
- B . kube-proxy
- C . Control plane
- D . etcd
A
Explanation:
Worker Nodes are responsible for executing containerized workloads.
Which command is used to expose Kubernetes service
- A . kubectl expose
- B . kubectl create
- C . kubectl run
A
Explanation:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/generated/kubectl/kubectl-commands#expose
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Which role is responsible of creating service level indicator ‘SLI’, service level objective ‘SLO’, & Service Level Agreements ‘SLA’
- A . Site reliability engineer ‘SRE’
- B . DevOps
- C . GitOps
- D . Security and compliance engineer
- E . Developer
A
Explanation:
https://www.atlassian.com/incident-management/kpis/sla-vs-slo-vs-sli
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What is a benefits of Kubernetes federation?
- A . Avoids scalability limits on pods and nodes
- B . Creates highly available clusters in different regions
- C . Low latency
What is the default service type in Kubernetes?
- A . CusterIP
- B . NodePort
- C . serviceType
- D . loadBalancer
A
Explanation:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#publishing-services-service-types
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Which is not a service type in Kubernetes?
- A . ClusterIP
- B . NodePort
- C . Ingress
- D . LoadBalancer
- E . ExternalName
C
Explanation:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/expose/expose-intro/
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What is Open Container Initiative ‘OCI’?
- A . A protocol for communicating with the kubernetes api
- B . The governing body of the Cloud Native Computing Foundation ‘CNCF’
- C . An open standard for managing service mesh in kubernetes
- D . An organization that creates open standards for containers
D
Explanation:
https://opencontainers.org/
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