Manufacturers and retailers tend to look askance at gray markets, where products are sold at cut-rate prices outside their authorized distribution channels. Manufacturers fear that gray markets will undercut margins and tarnish brand names. Retailers fear that they will siphon away customers and erode prices.

Manufacturers and retailers tend to look askance at gray markets, where products are sold at cut-rate prices outside their authorized distribution channels. Manufacturers fear that gray markets will undercut margins and tarnish brand names. Retailers fear that they will siphon away customers and erode prices.

A new study indicates, however, that gray marketing actually benefits manufacturers and retailers in markets that meet two criteria: first, sharp differences exist in consumers’ price sensitivity; second, large numbers of consumers are price-insensitive. In such markets, the low prices of the gray market will attract the most price-sensitive customers. The authorized channels will then compete only for the remaining customers―those who are insensitive to price but sensitive to service.

When that happens, the structure of competition and the economics of the market shift. The authorized retailers, freed from having to cater to the bargain hunters, can raise their prices and focus on service. If the concentration of price-insensitive shoppers is high enough, the resulting increase in prices will more than offset the loss of sales to the bargain hunters. The margins and profits of the authorized retailers will increase, and manufacturers will, as a result, be able to boost their wholesale prices.

The Sanpoil, a Native American tribe of the central Plateau west of the Rocky Mountains, sought peace constantly, and not only avoided war and feuds with neighboring peoples and among one another, but also they refused to retaliate if attacked.
A . and not only avoided war and feuds with neighboring peoples and among one another, but also they refused
B . and not only avoided war and feuds among neighboring peoples and one another, but also refused
C . not only to avoid war and feuds with neighboring peoples and one another, but also refusing
D . not only avoiding war and feuds with neighboring peoples and one another, but also refusing
E . not only avoiding war and feuds among neighboring peoples and one another, but also refusing

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Answer: D