Question #1
How are commits related to pull requests?
- A . Commits are made on a branch that can have a linked pull request.
- B . Commits can only be made after a pull request is created.
- C . Commits can only be made before a pull request is created.
- D . Commits are made on a pull request that can have a linked branch.
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
Commits and pull requests (PRs) are fundamental concepts in Git and GitHub workflows, particularly in collaborative software development.
Commits:
Commits are individual changes or updates made to the codebase. Each commit is identified by a unique SHA-1 hash and typically includes a commit message describing the changes.
Commits are made to a specific branch in the repository. The branch could be the main branch, or more commonly, a feature branch created for specific work or a feature.
Pull Requests (PRs):
A pull request is a mechanism for developers to notify team members that a branch is ready to be merged into another branch, usually the main branch.
PRs are used to review code, discuss changes, and make improvements before the branch is merged into the target branch.
Relationship Between Commits and PRs:
Option A is correct because commits are made on a branch, and this branch can have a pull request associated with it. The pull request tracks the branch’s commits and allows for code review before merging into the target branch.
Commits can be added to the branch both before and after the pull request is created. Any new commits pushed to the branch are automatically included in the pull request.
Incorrect Options:
Option B is incorrect because commits can be made both before and after a pull request is created.
Option C is incorrect because it suggests that commits can only be made before a pull request is created, which is not true.
Option D is incorrect because commits are not made on a pull request; they are made on a branch.
The pull request links a branch to another branch (e.g., feature branch to the main branch).
Reference: GitHub Documentation: About Pull Requests
GitHub Docs: Understanding the GitHub Flow
Git Documentation: Git Basics – Getting a Git Repository
A
Explanation:
Commits and pull requests (PRs) are fundamental concepts in Git and GitHub workflows, particularly in collaborative software development.
Commits:
Commits are individual changes or updates made to the codebase. Each commit is identified by a unique SHA-1 hash and typically includes a commit message describing the changes.
Commits are made to a specific branch in the repository. The branch could be the main branch, or more commonly, a feature branch created for specific work or a feature.
Pull Requests (PRs):
A pull request is a mechanism for developers to notify team members that a branch is ready to be merged into another branch, usually the main branch.
PRs are used to review code, discuss changes, and make improvements before the branch is merged into the target branch.
Relationship Between Commits and PRs:
Option A is correct because commits are made on a branch, and this branch can have a pull request associated with it. The pull request tracks the branch’s commits and allows for code review before merging into the target branch.
Commits can be added to the branch both before and after the pull request is created. Any new commits pushed to the branch are automatically included in the pull request.
Incorrect Options:
Option B is incorrect because commits can be made both before and after a pull request is created.
Option C is incorrect because it suggests that commits can only be made before a pull request is created, which is not true.
Option D is incorrect because commits are not made on a pull request; they are made on a branch.
The pull request links a branch to another branch (e.g., feature branch to the main branch).
Reference: GitHub Documentation: About Pull Requests
GitHub Docs: Understanding the GitHub Flow
Git Documentation: Git Basics – Getting a Git Repository
Question #2
What is the difference between an organization member and an outside collaborator?
- A . Organization base permissions do not apply to outside collaborators.
- B . Two-factor authentication (2FA) is not required for outside collaborators.
- C . Outside collaborators cannot be given the admin role on a repository.
- D . Outside collaborators do not consume paid licenses.
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
In GitHub, an organization member is a user who has been added to an organization and is subject to the organization’s base permissions and policies. An outside collaborator is a user who is not a member of the organization but has been granted access to one or more repositories within the organization.
Here’s the difference between an organization member and an outside collaborator:
Organization Members:
Members are subject to the organization’s base permissions, which apply across all repositories within the organization. These permissions might include read, write, or admin access, depending on what has been set as the default.
Members consume paid licenses if the organization is on a paid plan.
Members are required to have two-factor authentication (2FA) if the organization enforces it.
Outside Collaborators:
Outside collaborators do not have organization-wide permissions. They only have access to specific repositories to which they have been granted permission. This means organization base permissions do not apply to them (making option A correct).
Outside collaborators do not consume paid licenses. They are only counted toward the license if they are made organization members.
Outside collaborators can be granted any level of permission, including the admin role on specific repositories.
Two-factor authentication (2FA) can be enforced for outside collaborators at the repository level, depending on the organization’s security settings.
Given this information, option A is the correct answer: "Organization base permissions do not apply to outside collaborators."
Reference: GitHub Documentation: Roles in an organization
GitHub Documentation: About outside collaborators
GitHub Documentation: Managing repository access for your organization
A
Explanation:
In GitHub, an organization member is a user who has been added to an organization and is subject to the organization’s base permissions and policies. An outside collaborator is a user who is not a member of the organization but has been granted access to one or more repositories within the organization.
Here’s the difference between an organization member and an outside collaborator:
Organization Members:
Members are subject to the organization’s base permissions, which apply across all repositories within the organization. These permissions might include read, write, or admin access, depending on what has been set as the default.
Members consume paid licenses if the organization is on a paid plan.
Members are required to have two-factor authentication (2FA) if the organization enforces it.
Outside Collaborators:
Outside collaborators do not have organization-wide permissions. They only have access to specific repositories to which they have been granted permission. This means organization base permissions do not apply to them (making option A correct).
Outside collaborators do not consume paid licenses. They are only counted toward the license if they are made organization members.
Outside collaborators can be granted any level of permission, including the admin role on specific repositories.
Two-factor authentication (2FA) can be enforced for outside collaborators at the repository level, depending on the organization’s security settings.
Given this information, option A is the correct answer: "Organization base permissions do not apply to outside collaborators."
Reference: GitHub Documentation: Roles in an organization
GitHub Documentation: About outside collaborators
GitHub Documentation: Managing repository access for your organization
Question #3
What are the defining features of Git?
- A . Distributed version control, open source software, and being designed for handling projects of any size with efficiency
- B . Sequential version control, cloud-based hosting service, and being designed for collaboration on large projects
- C . Low-cost local branching, convenient staging areas, multiple workflows, and being designed for managing small projects
- D . Centralized version control, proprietary software, and being designed for small projects
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
Git is a widely-used version control system that has several defining features:
Distributed Version Control:
Git is a distributed version control system, meaning that every developer has a full copy of the entire repository, including its history, on their local machine. This enables greater flexibility, as work can be done offline and each user has access to the full project history.
Open Source Software:
Git is open-source, meaning its source code is freely available for use, modification, and distribution.
This fosters a large community of users and contributors who continuously improve the software.
Efficiency with Large Projects:
Git is designed to handle projects of any size with speed and efficiency. It can manage large codebases and many contributors without significant performance degradation, making it suitable for everything from small personal projects to large, complex software systems.
Incorrect Options:
Option B is incorrect because Git is not a sequential version control system, nor is it inherently tied to cloud-based services. GitHub, GitLab, and other platforms offer cloud hosting for Git repositories, but Git itself is a version control tool.
Option C is incorrect because Git is not limited to small projects; it is designed to scale efficiently, and the other features mentioned are only partial descriptions of Git’s capabilities.
Option D is incorrect because Git is not a centralized version control system; it is distributed.
Additionally, Git is open-source, not proprietary, and is used for projects of all sizes.
Reference: Pro Git Book: What is Git?
Git Documentation: Distributed Version Control
GitHub Docs: Understanding the Git Workflow
A
Explanation:
Git is a widely-used version control system that has several defining features:
Distributed Version Control:
Git is a distributed version control system, meaning that every developer has a full copy of the entire repository, including its history, on their local machine. This enables greater flexibility, as work can be done offline and each user has access to the full project history.
Open Source Software:
Git is open-source, meaning its source code is freely available for use, modification, and distribution.
This fosters a large community of users and contributors who continuously improve the software.
Efficiency with Large Projects:
Git is designed to handle projects of any size with speed and efficiency. It can manage large codebases and many contributors without significant performance degradation, making it suitable for everything from small personal projects to large, complex software systems.
Incorrect Options:
Option B is incorrect because Git is not a sequential version control system, nor is it inherently tied to cloud-based services. GitHub, GitLab, and other platforms offer cloud hosting for Git repositories, but Git itself is a version control tool.
Option C is incorrect because Git is not limited to small projects; it is designed to scale efficiently, and the other features mentioned are only partial descriptions of Git’s capabilities.
Option D is incorrect because Git is not a centralized version control system; it is distributed.
Additionally, Git is open-source, not proprietary, and is used for projects of all sizes.
Reference: Pro Git Book: What is Git?
Git Documentation: Distributed Version Control
GitHub Docs: Understanding the Git Workflow
Question #4
Who can be assigned to an Issue or pull request? (Each answer presents a complete solution. Choose two.)
- A . Anyone who has an enterprise GitHub account
- B . Anyone who has commented on the Issue or pull request
- C . Anyone who has a personal GitHub account
- D . Anyone with write permissions to the repository
Correct Answer: B, D
B, D
Explanation:
In GitHub, issues and pull requests (PRs) are essential tools for managing work and collaboration in a project. Assigning individuals to these issues or PRs is a way to indicate responsibility for addressing the issue or completing the PR.
Anyone with write permissions to the repository:
Users who have write permissions to a repository can be assigned to issues and pull requests. Write permissions allow users to push changes to the repository, create branches, and modify issues and pull requests. Assigning them to an issue or PR ensures they are recognized as responsible for the task.
Anyone who has commented on the Issue or pull request:
GitHub allows you to assign issues or pull requests to users who have already engaged with the discussion by commenting on it. This feature is particularly useful for quickly assigning tasks to those who are already involved in the conversation.
Incorrect Options:
Option A is incorrect because having an enterprise GitHub account alone does not necessarily grant the ability to be assigned to issues or PRs. Permission to assign is based on repository-specific roles and permissions.
Option C is incorrect because not all personal GitHub accounts can be assigned to issues or PRs. The user needs either write permissions to the repository or must have commented on the issue or PR.
Reference: GitHub Docs: Assigning Issues and Pull Requests
GitHub Docs: Permission Levels for a Repository
This detailed explanation provides clarity on GitHub’s assignment mechanics for issues and pull requests, reflecting the platform’s collaborative nature.
B, D
Explanation:
In GitHub, issues and pull requests (PRs) are essential tools for managing work and collaboration in a project. Assigning individuals to these issues or PRs is a way to indicate responsibility for addressing the issue or completing the PR.
Anyone with write permissions to the repository:
Users who have write permissions to a repository can be assigned to issues and pull requests. Write permissions allow users to push changes to the repository, create branches, and modify issues and pull requests. Assigning them to an issue or PR ensures they are recognized as responsible for the task.
Anyone who has commented on the Issue or pull request:
GitHub allows you to assign issues or pull requests to users who have already engaged with the discussion by commenting on it. This feature is particularly useful for quickly assigning tasks to those who are already involved in the conversation.
Incorrect Options:
Option A is incorrect because having an enterprise GitHub account alone does not necessarily grant the ability to be assigned to issues or PRs. Permission to assign is based on repository-specific roles and permissions.
Option C is incorrect because not all personal GitHub accounts can be assigned to issues or PRs. The user needs either write permissions to the repository or must have commented on the issue or PR.
Reference: GitHub Docs: Assigning Issues and Pull Requests
GitHub Docs: Permission Levels for a Repository
This detailed explanation provides clarity on GitHub’s assignment mechanics for issues and pull requests, reflecting the platform’s collaborative nature.
Question #5
Which of the following is the best GitHub feature for long-form documentation for a project?
- A . Insights
- B . Pull Requests
- C . Projects
- D . Wikis
Correct Answer: D
D
Explanation:
GitHub offers a variety of features for different aspects of project management and documentation. For long-form documentation, the best feature is Wikis. Wikis in GitHub allow you to create detailed, structured documentation that is easy to navigate and edit. Each repository in GitHub can have its own Wiki, which acts as a space for collaborators to maintain project documentation, guides, manuals, or any other long-form content.
Wikis are specifically designed to host extensive documentation in a way that is easy to reference and edit over time. They support Markdown, allowing you to format your documentation effectively. Unlike the other options, Wikis are explicitly intended for the purpose of long-form content, making them the best choice for this use case.
D
Explanation:
GitHub offers a variety of features for different aspects of project management and documentation. For long-form documentation, the best feature is Wikis. Wikis in GitHub allow you to create detailed, structured documentation that is easy to navigate and edit. Each repository in GitHub can have its own Wiki, which acts as a space for collaborators to maintain project documentation, guides, manuals, or any other long-form content.
Wikis are specifically designed to host extensive documentation in a way that is easy to reference and edit over time. They support Markdown, allowing you to format your documentation effectively. Unlike the other options, Wikis are explicitly intended for the purpose of long-form content, making them the best choice for this use case.
Question #6
Which of the following is a key characteristic of GitHub Projects?
- A . Ability to visualize the commit history
- B . Ability to import Gantt charts from Microsoft Project
- C . Ability to create and customize multiple views
- D . Ability to enforce required fields
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
GitHub Projects is a flexible and powerful tool for project management that allows users to manage their work with ease. One of the key characteristics of GitHub Projects is the ability to create and customize multiple views. This feature enables teams to tailor the project management experience to their specific workflow needs, offering various ways to visualize tasks, issues, and work items.
Custom Views: You can set up different views like Kanban boards, tables, or timelines, and apply filters to show only what is relevant for a particular aspect of the project. This customization allows teams to organize their work in a way that best suits their processes, making it a highly adaptable project management tool.
Other options, such as visualizing commit history (which would fall under the ‘Insights’ feature), importing Gantt charts (which GitHub Projects does not natively support), or enforcing required fields (which might relate to form-based tools but not to GitHub Projects specifically), do not align with the key characteristics of GitHub Projects.
C
Explanation:
GitHub Projects is a flexible and powerful tool for project management that allows users to manage their work with ease. One of the key characteristics of GitHub Projects is the ability to create and customize multiple views. This feature enables teams to tailor the project management experience to their specific workflow needs, offering various ways to visualize tasks, issues, and work items.
Custom Views: You can set up different views like Kanban boards, tables, or timelines, and apply filters to show only what is relevant for a particular aspect of the project. This customization allows teams to organize their work in a way that best suits their processes, making it a highly adaptable project management tool.
Other options, such as visualizing commit history (which would fall under the ‘Insights’ feature), importing Gantt charts (which GitHub Projects does not natively support), or enforcing required fields (which might relate to form-based tools but not to GitHub Projects specifically), do not align with the key characteristics of GitHub Projects.
Question #7
Which of the following is an Innersource development practice?
- A . Adopting open source code into the organization
- B . Sharing code between teams within the organization
- C . Removing open source code from the organization
- D . Making all repositories publicly accessible
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
Innersource is a development practice where an organization adopts open-source development methodologies within its own internal environment. The primary goal of innersource is to break down silos and encourage collaboration across different teams within the organization.
Sharing Code Between Teams:
Option B is correct because innersource involves sharing code between teams within the organization, similar to how open-source communities share code across the public domain. This practice fosters collaboration, improves code quality, and allows for reuse of code, reducing duplication of efforts.
Incorrect Options:
Option A is incorrect because adopting open-source code into the organization is related to using open-source software, not specifically to innersource practices.
Option C is incorrect because removing open-source code from the organization is contrary to the principles of both open source and innersource.
Option D is incorrect because making all repositories publicly accessible refers to open source, not innersource. Innersource typically involves keeping code internal to the organization.
Reference: GitHub Docs: What is Innersource?
Innersource Commons: The Basics
B
Explanation:
Innersource is a development practice where an organization adopts open-source development methodologies within its own internal environment. The primary goal of innersource is to break down silos and encourage collaboration across different teams within the organization.
Sharing Code Between Teams:
Option B is correct because innersource involves sharing code between teams within the organization, similar to how open-source communities share code across the public domain. This practice fosters collaboration, improves code quality, and allows for reuse of code, reducing duplication of efforts.
Incorrect Options:
Option A is incorrect because adopting open-source code into the organization is related to using open-source software, not specifically to innersource practices.
Option C is incorrect because removing open-source code from the organization is contrary to the principles of both open source and innersource.
Option D is incorrect because making all repositories publicly accessible refers to open source, not innersource. Innersource typically involves keeping code internal to the organization.
Reference: GitHub Docs: What is Innersource?
Innersource Commons: The Basics
Question #8
Which of the following GitHub syntax formats is consistent with the associated text?
- A . * This is a heading
- B . This is a link
- C . <!– This is a comment –>
- D . This is bolded text
- E . 1. This is an ordered list
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
GitHub supports various syntax formats that align with Markdown and HTML conventions. Here’s a breakdown of the provided options:
Comment Syntax:
Option C is correct. The syntax <!– This is a comment –> is used in Markdown files to insert comments. These comments will not be rendered in the final output, making them useful for adding notes or instructions within the code or documentation.
Incorrect Options:
Option A (* This is a heading) is incorrect because an asterisk (*) denotes an unordered list item, not a heading. A heading in Markdown is typically created with one or more hash symbols (#).
Option B (This is a link) is incorrect because this is plain text and not the syntax for creating a link. The correct syntax would be [This is a link](URL).
Option D (This is bolded text) is incorrect because this is plain text, not the correct Markdown syntax for bold text, which should be **This is bolded text** or __This is bolded text__.
Option E (1. This is an ordered list) is incorrect as it does represent an ordered list item, but it was not the syntax format asked about in the question. The question specifically focuses on matching associated text with syntax, where only the comment option is correct.
Reference: GitHub Flavored Markdown (GFM)
GitHub Docs: Basic writing and formatting syntax
C
Explanation:
GitHub supports various syntax formats that align with Markdown and HTML conventions. Here’s a breakdown of the provided options:
Comment Syntax:
Option C is correct. The syntax <!– This is a comment –> is used in Markdown files to insert comments. These comments will not be rendered in the final output, making them useful for adding notes or instructions within the code or documentation.
Incorrect Options:
Option A (* This is a heading) is incorrect because an asterisk (*) denotes an unordered list item, not a heading. A heading in Markdown is typically created with one or more hash symbols (#).
Option B (This is a link) is incorrect because this is plain text and not the syntax for creating a link. The correct syntax would be [This is a link](URL).
Option D (This is bolded text) is incorrect because this is plain text, not the correct Markdown syntax for bold text, which should be **This is bolded text** or __This is bolded text__.
Option E (1. This is an ordered list) is incorrect as it does represent an ordered list item, but it was not the syntax format asked about in the question. The question specifically focuses on matching associated text with syntax, where only the comment option is correct.
Reference: GitHub Flavored Markdown (GFM)
GitHub Docs: Basic writing and formatting syntax
Question #9
What are the key areas of focus for GitHub? (Each answer presents a complete solution. Choose three.)
- A . Nurturing a community that supports open source principles
- B . Providing access and opportunities for developers
- C . Providing a social media platform for project managers
- D . Building a technology platform for secure code sharing and collaboration
- E . Hosting video calls with other developers
Correct Answer: A, B, D
A, B, D
Explanation:
GitHub focuses on several key areas that align with its mission to support developers and foster collaboration:
Nurturing a Community That Supports Open Source Principles:
Option A is correct. GitHub is a major advocate for open-source software development, providing tools and platforms that enable open collaboration. GitHub hosts millions of open-source projects and supports a community-driven approach to software development.
Providing Access and Opportunities for Developers:
Option B is correct. GitHub provides a wide range of resources, such as GitHub Education, GitHub Actions, and GitHub Marketplace, to empower developers. These tools and opportunities help developers of all levels to learn, contribute, and improve their skills.
Building a Technology Platform for Secure Code Sharing and Collaboration:
Option D is correct. GitHub’s core function is to provide a platform where developers can securely share code and collaborate. Features like private repositories, branch protections, and GitHub Actions for CI/CD (Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment) workflows highlight this focus.
Incorrect Options:
Option C is incorrect because GitHub is not a social media platform for project managers; it is a code hosting platform with social features primarily aimed at developers.
Option E is incorrect because GitHub does not focus on hosting video calls. While some integrations might allow for video conferencing, it is not a core focus of GitHub.
Reference: GitHub Docs: The GitHub Developer Experience
GitHub Docs: About GitHub
This detailed explanation covers the primary focuses of GitHub, emphasizing its role in the open-source community and its commitment to providing a secure and collaborative platform for developers.
A, B, D
Explanation:
GitHub focuses on several key areas that align with its mission to support developers and foster collaboration:
Nurturing a Community That Supports Open Source Principles:
Option A is correct. GitHub is a major advocate for open-source software development, providing tools and platforms that enable open collaboration. GitHub hosts millions of open-source projects and supports a community-driven approach to software development.
Providing Access and Opportunities for Developers:
Option B is correct. GitHub provides a wide range of resources, such as GitHub Education, GitHub Actions, and GitHub Marketplace, to empower developers. These tools and opportunities help developers of all levels to learn, contribute, and improve their skills.
Building a Technology Platform for Secure Code Sharing and Collaboration:
Option D is correct. GitHub’s core function is to provide a platform where developers can securely share code and collaborate. Features like private repositories, branch protections, and GitHub Actions for CI/CD (Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment) workflows highlight this focus.
Incorrect Options:
Option C is incorrect because GitHub is not a social media platform for project managers; it is a code hosting platform with social features primarily aimed at developers.
Option E is incorrect because GitHub does not focus on hosting video calls. While some integrations might allow for video conferencing, it is not a core focus of GitHub.
Reference: GitHub Docs: The GitHub Developer Experience
GitHub Docs: About GitHub
This detailed explanation covers the primary focuses of GitHub, emphasizing its role in the open-source community and its commitment to providing a secure and collaborative platform for developers.
Question #10
After 30 minutes of inactivity, a GitHub Codespace will:
- A . Be deleted
- B . Commit changes
- C . Restart
- D . Time out
Correct Answer: D
D
Explanation:
After 30 minutes of inactivity, a GitHub Codespace will time out. This is designed to conserve resources when the Codespace is not being actively used. The session will be paused, and you’ll need to reconnect to resume your work. However, the Codespace is not deleted, and any unsaved changes might not be lost but should be committed or saved to prevent data loss.
D
Explanation:
After 30 minutes of inactivity, a GitHub Codespace will time out. This is designed to conserve resources when the Codespace is not being actively used. The session will be paused, and you’ll need to reconnect to resume your work. However, the Codespace is not deleted, and any unsaved changes might not be lost but should be committed or saved to prevent data loss.
Question #11
As a user, what feature can you use to merge proposed changes in a repository on GitHub?
- A . Issues
- B . Pull requests
- C . Projects
- D . Discussions
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
The feature you can use to merge proposed changes in a repository on GitHub is Pull requests. Pull requests are a core feature of GitHub, allowing developers to propose changes to a codebase, review code, discuss the changes, and eventually merge them into the main branch. This collaborative workflow ensures that code is reviewed and vetted before becoming part of the project.
B
Explanation:
The feature you can use to merge proposed changes in a repository on GitHub is Pull requests. Pull requests are a core feature of GitHub, allowing developers to propose changes to a codebase, review code, discuss the changes, and eventually merge them into the main branch. This collaborative workflow ensures that code is reviewed and vetted before becoming part of the project.
Question #12
What layouts are available for GitHub Projects? (Each answer presents a complete solution. Choose three.)
- A . Roadmap
- B . Kanban
- C . Board
- D . Table
- E . Backlog
Correct Answer: B, C, D
B, C, D
Explanation:
GitHub Projects supports various layouts to help teams organize and visualize their work. The available layouts include:
B. Kanban: This is a visual task management tool where tasks are represented as cards and moved across columns that represent different stages of work.
C. Board: This layout is similar to Kanban but can be more flexible, allowing users to set up boards in various ways to suit their workflow needs.
D. Table: The Table layout allows you to view your tasks in a spreadsheet-like format, making it easy to manage and edit large amounts of data at once.
Roadmap and Backlog are not standard layouts provided by GitHub Projects. While these terms might be relevant in other project management contexts, GitHub Projects specifically offers Kanban, Board, and Table layouts.
B, C, D
Explanation:
GitHub Projects supports various layouts to help teams organize and visualize their work. The available layouts include:
B. Kanban: This is a visual task management tool where tasks are represented as cards and moved across columns that represent different stages of work.
C. Board: This layout is similar to Kanban but can be more flexible, allowing users to set up boards in various ways to suit their workflow needs.
D. Table: The Table layout allows you to view your tasks in a spreadsheet-like format, making it easy to manage and edit large amounts of data at once.
Roadmap and Backlog are not standard layouts provided by GitHub Projects. While these terms might be relevant in other project management contexts, GitHub Projects specifically offers Kanban, Board, and Table layouts.
Question #13
Which of the following describes a branch in Git?
- A . A pointer to an identical snapshot of the project at a specific point in time
- B . A physical copy of the entire project stored on disk
- C . A separate, isolated copy of the project’s codebase
- D . A new repository that shares code with the original "upstream" repository
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
In Git, a branch is a fundamental concept that represents an independent line of development within a project. Here’s a more detailed explanation:
Branch in Git:
Option C is correct because a branch in Git is essentially a separate, isolated copy of the project’s codebase where you can make changes without affecting the main codebase. Branches allow developers to work on features, fixes, or experiments in parallel to the main project.
Other Options:
Option A is incorrect because while a branch does point to a specific commit (which represents a snapshot of the project), the description lacks the emphasis on the isolated and parallel development aspect that is critical to the understanding of branches.
Option B is incorrect because a branch is not a physical copy stored on disk; it is a logical reference within the repository.
Option D is incorrect because that description better fits the concept of a fork, not a branch. A fork is a new repository that is a copy of another repository, usually used to contribute back to the original ("upstream") repository.
Reference: Git Documentation: Branches in a Nutshell
GitHub Docs: Understanding the GitHub Flow
C
Explanation:
In Git, a branch is a fundamental concept that represents an independent line of development within a project. Here’s a more detailed explanation:
Branch in Git:
Option C is correct because a branch in Git is essentially a separate, isolated copy of the project’s codebase where you can make changes without affecting the main codebase. Branches allow developers to work on features, fixes, or experiments in parallel to the main project.
Other Options:
Option A is incorrect because while a branch does point to a specific commit (which represents a snapshot of the project), the description lacks the emphasis on the isolated and parallel development aspect that is critical to the understanding of branches.
Option B is incorrect because a branch is not a physical copy stored on disk; it is a logical reference within the repository.
Option D is incorrect because that description better fits the concept of a fork, not a branch. A fork is a new repository that is a copy of another repository, usually used to contribute back to the original ("upstream") repository.
Reference: Git Documentation: Branches in a Nutshell
GitHub Docs: Understanding the GitHub Flow
Question #14
Where should a repository admin navigate to view pre-built visualizations from repository data?
- A . Settings
- B . Issues
- C . Insights
- D . Charts
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
GitHub provides repository admins with a feature called "Insights" where they can view various pre-built visualizations and analytics related to the repository.
Insights:
Option C is correct because the "Insights" tab in a GitHub repository offers various pre-built visualizations, including contributions, traffic, code frequency, dependency graphs, and more. This helps admins and maintainers track the project’s activity and health.
Other Options:
Option A (Settings) is incorrect because the Settings tab is where you configure repository settings, permissions, and integrations, but it does not provide visualizations of repository data.
Option B (Issues) is incorrect because the Issues tab is used for tracking bugs, enhancements, and other tasks but does not provide data visualizations.
Option D (Charts) is incorrect as there is no "Charts" tab or section in GitHub. The correct location for data visualizations is under "Insights."
Reference: GitHub Docs: Viewing Repository Insights
C
Explanation:
GitHub provides repository admins with a feature called "Insights" where they can view various pre-built visualizations and analytics related to the repository.
Insights:
Option C is correct because the "Insights" tab in a GitHub repository offers various pre-built visualizations, including contributions, traffic, code frequency, dependency graphs, and more. This helps admins and maintainers track the project’s activity and health.
Other Options:
Option A (Settings) is incorrect because the Settings tab is where you configure repository settings, permissions, and integrations, but it does not provide visualizations of repository data.
Option B (Issues) is incorrect because the Issues tab is used for tracking bugs, enhancements, and other tasks but does not provide data visualizations.
Option D (Charts) is incorrect as there is no "Charts" tab or section in GitHub. The correct location for data visualizations is under "Insights."
Reference: GitHub Docs: Viewing Repository Insights
Question #15
How can a user create a repository template, and what permissions are required?
- A . With Admin permissions, navigate to Repository settings and select Template Repository.
- B . With Maintain permissions, navigate to Organization settings, select the repository, and choose Template Repository.
- C . With Admin permissions, navigate to Organization settings, select the repository, and choose Template Repository.
- D . With Maintain permissions, navigate to Repository settings and select Template Repository.
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
Creating a repository template in GitHub requires specific steps and permissions:
Creating a Repository Template:
Option A is correct because a user with Admin permissions can navigate to the repository’s settings and enable the "Template Repository" option. This allows other users to generate new repositories from this template, which includes all branches, tags, and file history.
Other Options:
Option B is incorrect because "Maintain" permissions do not allow the creation of repository templates, and the option is not found in Organization settings but in the repository settings.
Option C is incorrect because the "Template Repository" option is in the repository settings, not in Organization settings.
Option D is incorrect because "Maintain" permissions do not grant the ability to create a repository template.
Reference: GitHub Docs: Creating a Template Repository
A
Explanation:
Creating a repository template in GitHub requires specific steps and permissions:
Creating a Repository Template:
Option A is correct because a user with Admin permissions can navigate to the repository’s settings and enable the "Template Repository" option. This allows other users to generate new repositories from this template, which includes all branches, tags, and file history.
Other Options:
Option B is incorrect because "Maintain" permissions do not allow the creation of repository templates, and the option is not found in Organization settings but in the repository settings.
Option C is incorrect because the "Template Repository" option is in the repository settings, not in Organization settings.
Option D is incorrect because "Maintain" permissions do not grant the ability to create a repository template.
Reference: GitHub Docs: Creating a Template Repository
Question #16
As a user, which of the following default labels is used to indicate that a maintainer needs assistance on an issue or pull request?
- A . Enhancement
- B . Question
- C . Help wanted
- D . Documentation
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
In GitHub, labels are used to categorize issues and pull requests, and certain default labels are provided to help manage tasks:
Help Wanted Label:
Option C is correct. The "Help wanted" label is used to indicate that the maintainer of the repository needs assistance on a particular issue or pull request. This label helps in attracting contributors who might be interested in helping with specific tasks.
Other Options:
Option A ("Enhancement") is incorrect because it indicates a request for a new feature or improvement rather than a call for help.
Option B ("Question") is incorrect because it is used to flag issues or pull requests that seek clarification or additional information, not necessarily requiring assistance.
Option D ("Documentation") is incorrect because it labels issues or PRs related to documentation, not for seeking help.
Reference: GitHub Docs: Using Labels
C
Explanation:
In GitHub, labels are used to categorize issues and pull requests, and certain default labels are provided to help manage tasks:
Help Wanted Label:
Option C is correct. The "Help wanted" label is used to indicate that the maintainer of the repository needs assistance on a particular issue or pull request. This label helps in attracting contributors who might be interested in helping with specific tasks.
Other Options:
Option A ("Enhancement") is incorrect because it indicates a request for a new feature or improvement rather than a call for help.
Option B ("Question") is incorrect because it is used to flag issues or pull requests that seek clarification or additional information, not necessarily requiring assistance.
Option D ("Documentation") is incorrect because it labels issues or PRs related to documentation, not for seeking help.
Reference: GitHub Docs: Using Labels
Question #17
Which of the following options is available as a default Discussion category?
- A . Bug report
- B . Daily check-in
- C . Show and tell
- D . Security concern
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
In GitHub Discussions, several default categories are provided to help organize conversations within a project. One of the default categories is Show and tell. This category is designed for users to showcase their work, share progress, or discuss achievements with the community. The other options listed (Bug report, Daily check-in, Security concern) are not default categories but could be custom categories created by the repository maintainers.
C
Explanation:
In GitHub Discussions, several default categories are provided to help organize conversations within a project. One of the default categories is Show and tell. This category is designed for users to showcase their work, share progress, or discuss achievements with the community. The other options listed (Bug report, Daily check-in, Security concern) are not default categories but could be custom categories created by the repository maintainers.
Question #18
What is a benefit of using GitHub Enterprise Cloud with Enterprise Managed Users (EMU)?
- A . It provides centralized control and streamlined management of user accounts through their identity provider (IdP).
- B . It offers additional collaboration and content creation capabilities for managed user accounts.
- C . It automatically validates user interactions using the identity provider (IdP) conditional access policy (CAP).
- D . It enables GitHub user accounts access to protected resources using SAML SSO.
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
GitHub Enterprise Cloud with Enterprise Managed Users (EMU) integrates closely with an organization’s identity provider (IdP), such as Azure Active Directory, to manage user accounts. The primary benefit of this setup is centralized control and streamlined management. It allows organizations to enforce policies, manage user permissions, and provision or deprovision accounts directly through their IdP, ensuring consistency and security across the organization. This approach is ideal for large enterprises that require tight control over their users and resources.
A
Explanation:
GitHub Enterprise Cloud with Enterprise Managed Users (EMU) integrates closely with an organization’s identity provider (IdP), such as Azure Active Directory, to manage user accounts. The primary benefit of this setup is centralized control and streamlined management. It allows organizations to enforce policies, manage user permissions, and provision or deprovision accounts directly through their IdP, ensuring consistency and security across the organization. This approach is ideal for large enterprises that require tight control over their users and resources.
Question #19
Which of the following is the purpose of a GitHub repository?
- A . To provide a folder that stores project files, including documentation, on your local machine
- B . To provide a version control system designed for small projects, offering simple tools for organizing files on your laptop
- C . To provide a cloud-based hosting service for project documentation, providing a secure and centralized location for file storage
- D . To provide a collaborative space where developers can share and manage code files, track changes, and store revision history
Correct Answer: D
D
Explanation:
A GitHub repository serves as a collaborative space where developers can share and manage code files, track changes, and store revision history. It is much more than just a folder or simple tool; it is a comprehensive version control system that allows teams to collaborate effectively on codebases. Repositories enable developers to work together, manage contributions, review code, and maintain a complete history of every change made to the project.
D
Explanation:
A GitHub repository serves as a collaborative space where developers can share and manage code files, track changes, and store revision history. It is much more than just a folder or simple tool; it is a comprehensive version control system that allows teams to collaborate effectively on codebases. Repositories enable developers to work together, manage contributions, review code, and maintain a complete history of every change made to the project.
Question #20
Which of the following best describes cloning a repository?
- A . It creates a copy of the repository on GitHub.com.
- B . It retrieves code updates from the remote repository.
- C . It creates a copy of the repository on your local machine.
- D . It imports your source code into a new repository.
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
Cloning a repository in GitHub refers to creating a copy of the repository on your local machine. This allows you to work on the project offline, make changes, and later push those changes back to the remote repository. It does not involve creating a copy on GitHub.com (which would be forking), retrieving updates (which would be pulling), or importing source code into a new repository (which is done differently).
C
Explanation:
Cloning a repository in GitHub refers to creating a copy of the repository on your local machine. This allows you to work on the project offline, make changes, and later push those changes back to the remote repository. It does not involve creating a copy on GitHub.com (which would be forking), retrieving updates (which would be pulling), or importing source code into a new repository (which is done differently).
Question #21
What does a CODEOWNERS file do in a repository?
- A . Restricts who can edit specific files
- B . Requires peer code review for code changes
- C . Defines access permissions for the repository
- D . Sets the reviewers for pull requests automatically
Correct Answer: D
D
Explanation:
The CODEOWNERS file in a GitHub repository is used to define individuals or teams that are responsible for specific parts of the codebase. When changes are made to files or directories that match the patterns specified in the CODEOWNERS file, GitHub automatically requests reviews from the listed code owners.
Setting Reviewers Automatically:
Option D is correct because the primary purpose of a CODEOWNERS file is to automatically set reviewers for pull requests that affect the specified files or directories. This ensures that the
appropriate team members are notified and review the changes before they are merged.
Incorrect Options:
Option A is incorrect because the CODEOWNERS file does not restrict who can edit specific files; it only influences who is required to review changes.
Option B is partially related but not fully accurate because while CODEOWNERS does require certain reviews, it does not mandate peer review for all code changes.
Option C is incorrect because the CODEOWNERS file does not define access permissions for the repository; it deals with code review processes.
Reference: GitHub Docs: About CODEOWNERS
GitHub Blog: Automatically Requesting Reviews with CODEOWNERS
D
Explanation:
The CODEOWNERS file in a GitHub repository is used to define individuals or teams that are responsible for specific parts of the codebase. When changes are made to files or directories that match the patterns specified in the CODEOWNERS file, GitHub automatically requests reviews from the listed code owners.
Setting Reviewers Automatically:
Option D is correct because the primary purpose of a CODEOWNERS file is to automatically set reviewers for pull requests that affect the specified files or directories. This ensures that the
appropriate team members are notified and review the changes before they are merged.
Incorrect Options:
Option A is incorrect because the CODEOWNERS file does not restrict who can edit specific files; it only influences who is required to review changes.
Option B is partially related but not fully accurate because while CODEOWNERS does require certain reviews, it does not mandate peer review for all code changes.
Option C is incorrect because the CODEOWNERS file does not define access permissions for the repository; it deals with code review processes.
Reference: GitHub Docs: About CODEOWNERS
GitHub Blog: Automatically Requesting Reviews with CODEOWNERS
Question #22
From the Organization settings, which restrictions can organization owners place on GitHub Actions usage? (Each answer presents a complete solution. Choose three.)
- A . Allow actions that use self-hosted runners.
- B . Allow an action to be run from a Codespace.
- C . Allow specified actions.
- D . Allow actions by Marketplace verified creators.
- E . Allow actions created by GitHub.
Correct Answer: A, C, D
A, C, D
Explanation:
Organization owners on GitHub have control over how GitHub Actions can be used within their organization. They can enforce restrictions to ensure security and compliance with organizational policies.
Allow Actions That Use Self-Hosted Runners:
Option A is correct because organization owners can configure the usage of self-hosted runners, allowing greater control over the environment where actions are run.
Allow Specified Actions:
Option C is correct because organization owners can allow only specific actions to run, adding a layer of security by limiting actions to those that have been vetted.
Allow Actions by Marketplace Verified Creators:
Option D is correct because organization owners can choose to allow actions created by GitHub Marketplace verified creators, ensuring that only trusted actions are used.
Incorrect Options:
Option B is incorrect because GitHub Actions are not designed to be run directly from a Codespace; Codespaces are for development environments.
Option E is a valid choice, but since the prompt asks for only three answers, it is not included in this response.
Reference: GitHub Docs: Managing GitHub Actions Settings for Your Organization
A, C, D
Explanation:
Organization owners on GitHub have control over how GitHub Actions can be used within their organization. They can enforce restrictions to ensure security and compliance with organizational policies.
Allow Actions That Use Self-Hosted Runners:
Option A is correct because organization owners can configure the usage of self-hosted runners, allowing greater control over the environment where actions are run.
Allow Specified Actions:
Option C is correct because organization owners can allow only specific actions to run, adding a layer of security by limiting actions to those that have been vetted.
Allow Actions by Marketplace Verified Creators:
Option D is correct because organization owners can choose to allow actions created by GitHub Marketplace verified creators, ensuring that only trusted actions are used.
Incorrect Options:
Option B is incorrect because GitHub Actions are not designed to be run directly from a Codespace; Codespaces are for development environments.
Option E is a valid choice, but since the prompt asks for only three answers, it is not included in this response.
Reference: GitHub Docs: Managing GitHub Actions Settings for Your Organization
Question #23
Which of the following best describes GitHub flow?
- A . A branching model that uses feature branches and multiple primary branches
- B . A strategy where separate branches are created for each release, and pull requests are used to collaborate on and approve releases
- C . A lightweight workflow that allows for safe experimentation with new ideas and collaboration on projects through branching, pull requests, and merging
- D . A strict workflow that enforces a linear development process with all changes made directly on the main branch
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
GitHub Flow is a simple, yet powerful, branching strategy that is widely used in modern software development. It emphasizes collaboration and flexibility.
GitHub Flow:
Option C is correct because GitHub Flow is a lightweight workflow designed for safe experimentation and collaboration. It involves creating branches for new features or fixes, opening pull requests for review, and merging changes back into the main branch after approval.
Incorrect Options:
Option A is incorrect because GitHub Flow uses a single main branch, not multiple primary branches.
Option B is incorrect because GitHub Flow is not specifically designed around releases; it is more focused on continuous development and integration.
Option D is incorrect because GitHub Flow is not strict or linear; it encourages branching and pull requests rather than direct changes on the main branch.
Reference: GitHub Docs: Understanding the GitHub Flow
GitHub Guides: The GitHub Flow
C
Explanation:
GitHub Flow is a simple, yet powerful, branching strategy that is widely used in modern software development. It emphasizes collaboration and flexibility.
GitHub Flow:
Option C is correct because GitHub Flow is a lightweight workflow designed for safe experimentation and collaboration. It involves creating branches for new features or fixes, opening pull requests for review, and merging changes back into the main branch after approval.
Incorrect Options:
Option A is incorrect because GitHub Flow uses a single main branch, not multiple primary branches.
Option B is incorrect because GitHub Flow is not specifically designed around releases; it is more focused on continuous development and integration.
Option D is incorrect because GitHub Flow is not strict or linear; it encourages branching and pull requests rather than direct changes on the main branch.
Reference: GitHub Docs: Understanding the GitHub Flow
GitHub Guides: The GitHub Flow
Question #24
Which of the following is always true about the feature preview phases Alpha and Beta?
- A . Alpha features are not available to the public.
- B . Alpha features are documented.
- C . Alpha and Beta features offer Service Level Agreements (SLAs).
- D . Beta features provide technical support.
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
The terms Alpha and Beta are often used in software development to describe different stages of feature testing and release.
Alpha Features:
Option A is correct because Alpha features are typically in the early stages of development and are not available to the public. They are usually tested internally or by a limited audience.
Incorrect Options:
Option B is incorrect because Alpha features are often undocumented as they are in the early development phase.
Option C is incorrect because Alpha and Beta features usually do not offer Service Level Agreements (SLAs) due to their experimental nature.
Option D is incorrect because Beta features might offer limited support, but it is not guaranteed, especially compared to fully released features.
Reference: GitHub Docs: About Feature Previews
A
Explanation:
The terms Alpha and Beta are often used in software development to describe different stages of feature testing and release.
Alpha Features:
Option A is correct because Alpha features are typically in the early stages of development and are not available to the public. They are usually tested internally or by a limited audience.
Incorrect Options:
Option B is incorrect because Alpha features are often undocumented as they are in the early development phase.
Option C is incorrect because Alpha and Beta features usually do not offer Service Level Agreements (SLAs) due to their experimental nature.
Option D is incorrect because Beta features might offer limited support, but it is not guaranteed, especially compared to fully released features.
Reference: GitHub Docs: About Feature Previews
Question #25
Which of the following statements most accurately describes who can access a private repository Wiki?
- A . Wikis are only viewable by repository admins.
- B . Wikis can be viewed by the same people who have Read access to the repository.
- C . Wikis will not be visible until shared with a specific user.
- D . Wikis are public regardless of whether you have access to the repository.
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
For private repositories on GitHub, the Wiki is accessible to anyone who has Read access to the repository. This means that if you can view the code and files in the repository, you can also view its Wiki. This makes Wikis a useful tool for documenting projects in a way that is available to all collaborators without requiring special permissions beyond those needed to access the repository itself.
B
Explanation:
For private repositories on GitHub, the Wiki is accessible to anyone who has Read access to the repository. This means that if you can view the code and files in the repository, you can also view its Wiki. This makes Wikis a useful tool for documenting projects in a way that is available to all collaborators without requiring special permissions beyond those needed to access the repository itself.