Consider the following code:
URL: http://www.certified.com/search.pl?
text=<script>alert(document.cookie)</script>
If an attacker can trick a victim user to click a link like this, and the Web application does not validate input, then the victim’s browser will pop up an alert showing the users current set of cookies. An attacker can do much more damage, including stealing passwords, resetting your home page, or redirecting the user to another Web site.
What is the countermeasure against XSS scripting?
- A . Create an IP access list and restrict connections based on port number
- B . Replace "<" and ">" characters with "& l t;" and "& g t;" using server scripts
- C . Disable Javascript in IE and Firefox browsers
- D . Connect to the server using HTTPS protocol instead of HTTP
Jayden is a network administrator for her company. Jayden wants to prevent MAC spoofing on all the Cisco switches in the network.
How can she accomplish this?
- A . Jayden can use the commanD. ip binding set.
- B . Jayden can use the commanD. no ip spoofing.
- C . She should use the commanD. no dhcp spoofing.
- D . She can use the commanD. ip dhcp snooping binding.
Jayden is a network administrator for her company. Jayden wants to prevent MAC spoofing on all the Cisco switches in the network.
How can she accomplish this?
- A . Jayden can use the commanD. ip binding set.
- B . Jayden can use the commanD. no ip spoofing.
- C . She should use the commanD. no dhcp spoofing.
- D . She can use the commanD. ip dhcp snooping binding.
Jayden is a network administrator for her company. Jayden wants to prevent MAC spoofing on all the Cisco switches in the network.
How can she accomplish this?
- A . Jayden can use the commanD. ip binding set.
- B . Jayden can use the commanD. no ip spoofing.
- C . She should use the commanD. no dhcp spoofing.
- D . She can use the commanD. ip dhcp snooping binding.
Jayden is a network administrator for her company. Jayden wants to prevent MAC spoofing on all the Cisco switches in the network.
How can she accomplish this?
- A . Jayden can use the commanD. ip binding set.
- B . Jayden can use the commanD. no ip spoofing.
- C . She should use the commanD. no dhcp spoofing.
- D . She can use the commanD. ip dhcp snooping binding.
As a normal three-way handshake mechanism system A should send an ACK packet to system B, however, system A does not send an ACK packet to system B. In this case client B is waiting for an ACK packet from client A.
This status of client B is called _________________
- A . "half-closed"
- B . "half open"
- C . "full-open"
- D . "xmas-open"
You just purchased the latest DELL computer, which comes pre-installed with Windows 7, McAfee antivirus software and a host of other applications. You want to connect Ethernet wire to your cable modem and start using the computer immediately. Windows is dangerously insecure when unpacked from the box, and there are a few things that you must do before you use it.
- A . New installation of Windows should be patched by installing the latest service packs and hotfixes
- B . Key applications such as Adobe Acrobat, Macromedia Flash, Java, Winzip etc., must have the latest security patches installed
- C . Install a personal firewall and lock down unused ports from connecting to your computer
- D . Install the latest signatures for Antivirus software
- E . Configure "Windows Update" to automatic
- F . Create a non-admin user with a complex password and logon to this account
- G . You can start using your computer as vendors such as DELL, HP and IBM would have already installed the latest service packs.
What is the problem with this ASP script (login.asp)?
- A . The ASP script is vulnerable to Cross Site Scripting attack
- B . The ASP script is vulnerable to Session Splice attack
- C . The ASP script is vulnerable to XSS attack
- D . The ASP script is vulnerable to SQL Injection attack
Bob has set up three web servers on Windows Server 2008 IIS 7.0. Bob has followed all the recommendations for securing the operating system and IIS. These servers are going to run numerous e-commerce websites that are projected to bring in thousands of dollars a day. Bob is still concerned about the security of these servers because of the potential for financial loss. Bob has asked his company’s firewall administrator to set the firewall to inspect all incoming traffic on ports 80 and 443 to ensure that no malicious data is getting into the network.
Why will this not be possible?
- A . Firewalls cannot inspect traffic coming through port 443
- B . Firewalls can only inspect outbound traffic
- C . Firewalls cannot inspect traffic at all, they can only block or allow certain ports
- D . Firewalls cannot inspect traffic coming through port 80
What file system vulnerability does the following command take advantage of?
type c:anyfile.exe > c:winntsystem32calc.exe: anyfile.exe
- A . HFS
- B . Backdoor access
- C . XFS
- D . ADS
SNMP is a connectionless protocol that uses UDP instead of TCP packets (True or False)
- A . true
- B . false
Ursula is a college student at a University in Amsterdam. Ursula originally went to college to study engineering but later changed to marine biology after spending a month at sea with her friends. These friends frequently go out to sea to follow and harass fishing fleets that illegally fish in foreign waters. Ursula eventually wants to put companies practicing illegal fishing out of business. Ursula decides to hack into the parent company’s computers and destroy critical data knowing fully well that, if caught, she probably would be sent to jail for a very long time.
What would Ursula be considered?
- A . Ursula would be considered a gray hat since she is performing an act against illegal activities.
- B . She would be considered a suicide hacker.
- C . She would be called a cracker.
- D . Ursula would be considered a black hat.
A rootkit is a collection of tools (programs) that enable administrator-level access to a computer. This program hides itself deep into an operating system for malicious activity and is extremely difficult to detect. The malicious software operates in a stealth fashion by hiding its files, processes and registry keys and may be used to create a hidden directory or folder designed to keep out of view from a user’s operating system and security software.
What privilege level does a rootkit require to infect successfully on a Victim’s machine?
- A . User level privileges
- B . Ring 3 Privileges
- C . System level privileges
- D . Kernel level privileges
What type of session hijacking attack is shown in the exhibit?
- A . Cross-site scripting Attack
- B . SQL Injection Attack
- C . Token sniffing Attack
- D . Session Fixation Attack
Cyber Criminals have long employed the tactic of masking their true identity. In IP spoofing, an attacker gains unauthorized access to a computer or a network by making it appear that a malicious message has come from a trusted machine, by "spoofing" the IP address of that machine.
How would you detect IP spoofing?
- A . Check the IPID of the spoofed packet and compare it with TLC checksum. If the numbers match then it is spoofed packet
- B . Probe a SYN Scan on the claimed host and look for a response SYN/FIN packet, if the connection completes then it is a spoofed packet
- C . Turn on ‘Enable Spoofed IP Detection’ in Wireshark, you will see a flag tick if the packet is spoofed
- D . Sending a packet to the claimed host will result in a reply. If the TTL in the reply is not the same as the packet being checked then it is a spoofed packet
What does ICMP (type 11, code 0) denote?
- A . Source Quench
- B . Destination Unreachable
- C . Time Exceeded
- D . Unknown Type
Attacking well-known system defaults is one of the most common hacker attacks. Most software is shipped with a default configuration that makes it easy to install and setup the application. You should change the default settings to secure the system.
Which of the following is NOT an example of default installation?
- A . Many systems come with default user accounts with well-known passwords that administrators forget to change
- B . Often, the default location of installation files can be exploited which allows a hacker to retrieve a file from the system
- C . Many software packages come with "samples" that can be exploited, such as the sample programs on IIS web services
- D . Enabling firewall and anti-virus software on the local system
Samuel is the network administrator of DataX Communications, Inc. He is trying to configure his firewall to block password brute force attempts on his network. He enables blocking the intruder’s IP address for a period of 24 hours’ time after more than three unsuccessful attempts. He is confident that this rule will secure his network from hackers on the Internet.
But he still receives hundreds of thousands brute-force attempts generated from various IP addresses around the world. After some investigation he realizes that the intruders are using a proxy somewhere else on the Internet which has been scripted to enable the random usage of various proxies on each request so as not to get caught by the firewall rule.
Later he adds another rule to his firewall and enables small sleep on the password attempt so that if the password is incorrect, it would take 45 seconds to return to the user to begin another attempt. Since an intruder may use multiple machines to brute force the password, he also throttles the number of connections that will be prepared to accept from a particular IP address. This action will slow the intruder’s attempts.
Samuel wants to completely block hackers brute force attempts on his network.
What are the alternatives to defending against possible brute-force password attacks on his site?
- A . Enforce a password policy and use account lockouts after three wrong logon attempts even though this might lock out legit users
- B . Enable the IDS to monitor the intrusion attempts and alert you by e-mail about the IP address of the intruder so that you can block them at the Firewall manually
- C . Enforce complex password policy on your network so that passwords are more difficult to brute force
- D . You cannot completely block the intruders attempt if they constantly switch proxies
What type of port scan is shown below?
- A . Idle Scan
- B . FIN Scan
- C . XMAS Scan
- D . Windows Scan
Attackers target HINFO record types stored on a DNS server to enumerate information. These are information records and potential source for reconnaissance. A network administrator has the option of entering host information specifically the CPU type and operating system when creating a new DNS record. An attacker can extract this type of information easily from a DNS server.
Which of the following commands extracts the HINFO record?
- A . Option A
- B . Option B
- C . Option C
- D . Option D
While performing a ping sweep of a local subnet you receive an ICMP reply of Code 3/Type 13 for all the pings you have sent out.
What is the most likely cause of this?
- A . The firewall is dropping the packets
- B . An in-line IDS is dropping the packets
- C . A router is blocking ICMP
- D . The host does not respond to ICMP packets
You are the Security Administrator of Xtrinity, Inc. You write security policies and conduct assessments to protect the company’s network. During one of your periodic checks to see how well policy is being observed by the employees, you discover an employee has attached cell phone 3G modem to his telephone line and workstation. He has used this cell phone 3G modem to dial in to his workstation, thereby bypassing your firewall. A security breach has occurred as a direct result of this activity. The employee explains that he used the modem because he had to download software for a department project.
How would you resolve this situation?
- A . Reconfigure the firewall
- B . Enforce the corporate security policy
- C . Install a network-based IDS
- D . Conduct a needs analysis
The SYN flood attack sends TCP connections requests faster than a machine can process them.
✑ Attacker creates a random source address for each packet
✑ SYN flag set in each packet is a request to open a new connection to the server from the spoofed IP address
✑ Victim responds to spoofed IP address, then waits for confirmation that never arrives (timeout wait is about 3 minutes)
✑ Victim’s connection table fills up waiting for replies and ignores new connections
✑ Legitimate users are ignored and will not be able to access the server
How do you protect your network against SYN Flood attacks?
- A . SYN cookies. Instead of allocating a record, send a SYN-ACK with a carefully constructed sequence number generated as a hash of the clients IP address, port number, and other information. When the client responds with a normal ACK, that special sequence number will be included, which the server then verifies. Thus, the server first allocates memory on the third packet of the handshake, not the first.
- B . RST cookies – The server sends a wrong SYN/ACK back to the client. The client should then generate a RST packet telling the server that something is wrong. At this point, the server knows the client is valid and will now accept incoming connections from that client normally
- C . Check the incoming packet’s IP address with the SPAM database on the Internet and enable the filter using ACLs at the Firewall
- D . Stack Tweaking. TCP stacks can be tweaked in order to reduce the effect of SYN floods. Reduce the timeout before a stack frees up the memory allocated for a connection
- E . Micro Blocks. Instead of allocating a complete connection, simply allocate a micro record of 16-bytes for the incoming SYN object
Which type of scan does NOT open a full TCP connection?
- A . Stealth Scan
- B . XMAS Scan
- C . Null Scan
- D . FIN Scan
Vulnerability scanners are automated tools that are used to identify vulnerabilities and misconfigurations of hosts. They also provide information regarding mitigating discovered vulnerabilities.
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
- A . Vulnerability scanners attempt to identify vulnerabilities in the hosts scanned.
- B . Vulnerability scanners can help identify out-of-date software versions, missing patches, or system upgrades
- C . They can validate compliance with or deviations from the organization’s security policy
- D . Vulnerability scanners can identify weakness and automatically fix and patch the vulnerabilities without user intervention
TCP/IP Session Hijacking is carried out in which OSI layer?
- A . Datalink layer
- B . Transport layer
- C . Network layer
- D . Physical layer
This attack technique is used when a Web application is vulnerable to an SQL Injection but the results of the Injection are not visible to the attacker.
- A . Unique SQL Injection
- B . Blind SQL Injection
- C . Generic SQL Injection
- D . Double SQL Injection
What is War Dialing?
- A . War dialing involves the use of a program in conjunction with a modem to penetrate the modem/PBX-based systems
- B . War dialing is a vulnerability scanning technique that penetrates Firewalls
- C . It is a social engineering technique that uses Phone calls to trick victims
- D . Involves IDS Scanning Fragments to bypass Internet filters and stateful Firewalls
Lori is a Certified Ethical Hacker as well as a Certified Hacking Forensics Investigator working as an IT security consultant. Lori has been hired on by Kiley Innovators, a large marketing firm that recently underwent a string of thefts and corporate espionage incidents. Lori is told that a rival marketing company came out with an exact duplicate product right before Kiley Innovators was about to release it. The executive team believes that an employee is leaking information to the rival company. Lori questions all employees, reviews server logs, and firewall logs; after which she finds nothing. Lori is then given permission to search through the corporate email system. She searches by email being sent to and sent from the rival marketing company.
She finds one employee that appears to be sending very large email to this other marketing company, even though they should have no reason to be communicating with them. Lori tracks down the actual emails sent and upon opening them, only finds picture files attached to them. These files seem perfectly harmless, usually containing some kind of joke. Lori decides to use some special software to further examine the pictures and finds that each one had hidden text that was stored in each picture.
What technique was used by the Kiley Innovators employee to send information to the rival marketing company?
- A . The Kiley Innovators employee used cryptography to hide the information in the emails sent
- B . The method used by the employee to hide the information was logical watermarking
- C . The employee used steganography to hide information in the picture attachments
- D . By using the pictures to hide information, the employee utilized picture fuzzing
Which type of hacker represents the highest risk to your network?
- A . black hat hackers
- B . grey hat hackers
- C . disgruntled employees
- D . script kiddies
What is a sniffing performed on a switched network called?
- A . Spoofed sniffing
- B . Passive sniffing
- C . Direct sniffing
- D . Active sniffing
What does FIN in TCP flag define?
- A . Used to abort a TCP connection abruptly
- B . Used to close a TCP connection
- C . Used to acknowledge receipt of a previous packet or transmission
- D . Used to indicate the beginning of a TCP connection
Which Steganography technique uses Whitespace to hide secret messages?
- A . snow
- B . beetle
- C . magnet
- D . cat
Jack Hacker wants to break into Brown Co.’s computers and obtain their secret double fudge cookie recipe. Jack calls Jane, an accountant at Brown Co., pretending to be an administrator from Brown Co. Jack tells Jane that there has been a problem with some accounts and asks her to verify her password with him ”just to double check our records.” Jane does not suspect anything amiss, and parts with her password. Jack can now access Brown Co.’s computers with a valid user name and password, to steal the cookie recipe.
What kind of attack is being illustrated here?
- A . Reverse Psychology
- B . Reverse Engineering
- C . Social Engineering
- D . Spoofing Identity
- E . Faking Identity
Which of the following type of scanning utilizes automated process of proactively identifying vulnerabilities of the computing systems present on a network?
- A . Port Scanning
- B . Single Scanning
- C . External Scanning
- D . Vulnerability Scanning
How many bits encryption does SHA-1 use?
- A . 64 bits
- B . 128 bits
- C . 256 bits
- D . 160 bits
You receive an e-mail with the following text message.
"Microsoft and HP today warned all customers that a new, highly dangerous virus has been discovered which will erase all your files at midnight. If there’s a file called hidserv.exe on your computer, you have been infected and your computer is now running a hidden server that allows hackers to access your computer. Delete the file immediately. Please also pass this message to all your friends and colleagues as soon as possible."
You launch your antivirus software and scan the suspicious looking file hidserv.exe located in c:windows directory and the AV comes out clean meaning the file is not infected. You view the file signature and confirm that it is a legitimate Windows system file "Human Interface Device Service".
What category of virus is this?
- A . Virus hoax
- B . Spooky Virus
- C . Stealth Virus
- D . Polymorphic Virus
You run nmap port Scan on 10.0.0.5 and attempt to gain banner/server information from services running on ports 21, 110 and 123.
Here is the output of your scan results:
Which of the following nmap command did you run?
- A . nmap -A -sV -p21, 110, 123 10.0.0.5
- B . nmap -F -sV -p21, 110, 123 10.0.0.5
- C . nmap -O -sV -p21, 110, 123 10.0.0.5
- D . nmap -T -sV -p21, 110, 123 10.0.0.5
Stephanie works as senior security analyst for a manufacturing company in Detroit. Stephanie manages network security throughout the organization. Her colleague Jason told her in confidence that he was able to see confidential corporate information posted on the external website http://www.jeansclothesman.com. He tries random URLs on the company’s website and finds confidential information leaked over the web. Jason says this happened about a month ago. Stephanie visits the said URLs, but she finds nothing. She is very concerned about this, since someone should be held accountable if there was sensitive information posted on the website.
Where can Stephanie go to see past versions and pages of a website?
- A . She should go to the web page Samspade.org to see web pages that might no longer be on the website
- B . If Stephanie navigates to Search.com; she will see old versions of the company website
- C . Stephanie can go to Archive.org to see past versions of the company website
- D . AddressPast.com would have any web pages that are no longer hosted on the company’s website
What is the correct command to run Netcat on a server using port 56 that spawns command shell when connected?
- A . nc -port 56 -s cmd.exe
- B . nc -p 56 -p -e shell.exe
- C . nc -r 56 -c cmd.exe
- D . nc -L 56 -t -e cmd.exe
One of the effective DoS/DDoS countermeasures is ‘Throttling’.
Which statement correctly defines this term?
- A . Set up routers that access a server with logic to adjust incoming traffic to levels that will be safe for the server to process
- B . Providers can increase the bandwidth on critical connections to prevent them from going down in the event of an attack
- C . Replicating servers that can provide additional failsafe protection
- D . Load balance each server in a multiple-server architecture
One of the effective DoS/DDoS countermeasures is ‘Throttling’.
Which statement correctly defines this term?
- A . Set up routers that access a server with logic to adjust incoming traffic to levels that will be safe for the server to process
- B . Providers can increase the bandwidth on critical connections to prevent them from going down in the event of an attack
- C . Replicating servers that can provide additional failsafe protection
- D . Load balance each server in a multiple-server architecture
One of the effective DoS/DDoS countermeasures is ‘Throttling’.
Which statement correctly defines this term?
- A . Set up routers that access a server with logic to adjust incoming traffic to levels that will be safe for the server to process
- B . Providers can increase the bandwidth on critical connections to prevent them from going down in the event of an attack
- C . Replicating servers that can provide additional failsafe protection
- D . Load balance each server in a multiple-server architecture
One of the effective DoS/DDoS countermeasures is ‘Throttling’.
Which statement correctly defines this term?
- A . Set up routers that access a server with logic to adjust incoming traffic to levels that will be safe for the server to process
- B . Providers can increase the bandwidth on critical connections to prevent them from going down in the event of an attack
- C . Replicating servers that can provide additional failsafe protection
- D . Load balance each server in a multiple-server architecture
One of the effective DoS/DDoS countermeasures is ‘Throttling’.
Which statement correctly defines this term?
- A . Set up routers that access a server with logic to adjust incoming traffic to levels that will be safe for the server to process
- B . Providers can increase the bandwidth on critical connections to prevent them from going down in the event of an attack
- C . Replicating servers that can provide additional failsafe protection
- D . Load balance each server in a multiple-server architecture
One of the effective DoS/DDoS countermeasures is ‘Throttling’.
Which statement correctly defines this term?
- A . Set up routers that access a server with logic to adjust incoming traffic to levels that will be safe for the server to process
- B . Providers can increase the bandwidth on critical connections to prevent them from going down in the event of an attack
- C . Replicating servers that can provide additional failsafe protection
- D . Load balance each server in a multiple-server architecture
One of the effective DoS/DDoS countermeasures is ‘Throttling’.
Which statement correctly defines this term?
- A . Set up routers that access a server with logic to adjust incoming traffic to levels that will be safe for the server to process
- B . Providers can increase the bandwidth on critical connections to prevent them from going down in the event of an attack
- C . Replicating servers that can provide additional failsafe protection
- D . Load balance each server in a multiple-server architecture
Testing security periodically.
In which step would you engage a forensic investigator?
- A . 1
- B . 2
- C . 3
- D . 4
- E . 5
- F . 6
Which of the following countermeasure can specifically protect against both the MAC Flood and MAC Spoofing attacks?
- A . Configure Port Security on the switch
- B . Configure Port Recon on the switch
- C . Configure Switch Mapping
- D . Configure Multiple Recognition on the switch
How does traceroute map the route a packet travels from point A to point B?
- A . Uses a TCP timestamp packet that will elicit a time exceeded in transit message
- B . Manipulates the value of the time to live (TTL) within packet to elicit a time exceeded in transit message
- C . Uses a protocol that will be rejected by gateways on its way to the destination
- D . Manipulates the flags within packets to force gateways into generating error messages
B
Explanation:
Traceroute works by increasing the "time-to-live" value of each successive batch of packets sent. The first three packets have a time-to-live (TTL) value of one (implying that they make a single hop). The next three packets have a TTL value of 2, and so on. When a packet passes through a host, normally the host decrements the TTL value by one, and forwards the packet to the next host. When a packet with a TTL of one reaches a host, the host discards the packet and sends an ICMP time exceeded (type 11) packet to the sender. The traceroute utility uses these returning packets to produce a list of hosts that the packets have traversed en route to the destination.
An attacker has successfully compromised a remote computer.
Which of the following comes as one of the last steps that should be taken to ensure that the compromise cannot be traced back to the source of the problem?
- A . Install patches
- B . Setup a backdoor
- C . Install a zombie for DDOS
- D . Cover your tracks
In what stage of Virus life does a stealth virus gets activated with the user performing certain actions such as running an infected program?
- A . Design
- B . Elimination
- C . Incorporation
- D . Replication
- E . Launch
- F . Detection
In the context of password security: a simple dictionary attack involves loading a dictionary file (a text file full of dictionary words) into a cracking application such as L0phtCrack or John the Ripper, and running it against user accounts located by the application. The larger the word and word fragment selection, the more effective the dictionary attack is. The brute force method is the most inclusive – though slow. Usually, it tries every possible letter and number combination in its automated exploration.
If you would use both brute force and dictionary combined together to have variations of words, what would you call such an attack?
- A . Full Blown Attack
- B . Thorough Attack
- C . Hybrid Attack
- D . BruteDict Attack
You want to capture Facebook website traffic in Wireshark.
What display filter should you use that shows all TCP packets that contain the word ‘facebook’?
- A . display==facebook
- B . traffic.content==facebook
- C . tcp contains facebook
- D . list.display.facebook
Jake works as a system administrator at Acme Corp. Jason, an accountant of the firm befriends him at the canteen and tags along with him on the pretext of appraising him about potential tax benefits. Jason waits for Jake to swipe his access card and follows him through the open door into the secure systems area.
How would you describe Jason’s behavior within a security context?
- A . Smooth Talking
- B . Swipe Gating
- C . Tailgating
- D . Trailing
A common technique for luring e-mail users into opening virus-launching attachments is to send messages that would appear to be relevant or important to many of their potential recipients. One way of accomplishing this feat is to make the virus-carrying messages appear to come from some type of business entity retailing sites, UPS, FEDEX, CITIBANK or a major provider of a common service.
Here is a fraudulent e-mail claiming to be from FedEx regarding a package that could not be delivered. This mail asks the receiver to open an attachment in order to obtain the FEDEX tracking number for picking up the package. The attachment contained in this type of e-mail activates a virus.
Vendors send e-mails like this to their customers advising them not to open any files attached with the mail, as they do not include attachments.
Fraudulent e-mail and legit e-mail that arrives in your inbox contain the fedex.com as the sender of the mail.
How do you ensure if the e-mail is authentic and sent from fedex.com?
- A . Verify the digital signature attached with the mail, the fake mail will not have Digital ID at all
- B . Check the Sender ID against the National Spam Database (NSD)
- C . Fake mail will have spelling/grammatical errors
- D . Fake mail uses extensive images, animation and flash content
How would you describe an attack where an attacker attempts to deliver the payload over multiple packets over long periods of time with the purpose of defeating simple pattern matching in IDS systems without session reconstruction? A characteristic of this attack would be a continuous stream of small packets.
- A . Session Hijacking
- B . Session Stealing
- C . Session Splicing
- D . Session Fragmentation
This attack uses social engineering techniques to trick users into accessing a fake Web site and divulging personal information. Attackers send a legitimate-looking e-mail asking users to update their information on the company’s Web site, but the URLs in the e-mail actually point to a false Web site.
- A . Wiresharp attack
- B . Switch and bait attack
- C . Phishing attack
- D . Man-in-the-Middle attack
Shayla is an IT security consultant, specializing in social engineering and external penetration tests. Shayla has been hired on by Treks Avionics, a subcontractor for the Department of Defense. Shayla has been given authority to perform any and all tests necessary to audit the company’s network security.
No employees for the company, other than the IT director, know about Shayla’s work she will be doing. Shayla’s first step is to obtain a list of employees through company website contact pages. Then she befriends a female employee of the company through an online chat website. After meeting with the female employee numerous times, Shayla is able to gain her trust and they become friends. One day, Shayla steals the employee’s access badge and uses it to gain unauthorized access to the Treks Avionics offices.
What type of insider threat would Shayla be considered?
- A . She would be considered an Insider Affiliate
- B . Because she does not have any legal access herself, Shayla would be considered an Outside Affiliate
- C . Shayla is an Insider Associate since she has befriended an actual employee
- D . Since Shayla obtained access with a legitimate company badge; she would be considered a Pure Insider
What type of attack is shown in the following diagram?
- A . Man-in-the-Middle (MiTM) Attack
- B . Session Hijacking Attack
- C . SSL Spoofing Attack
- D . Identity Stealing Attack
Web servers often contain directories that do not need to be indexed. You create a text file with search engine indexing restrictions and place it on the root directory of the Web Server.
User-agent: * Disallow: /images/ Disallow: /banners/ Disallow: /Forms/ Disallow: /Dictionary/ Disallow: /_borders/ Disallow: /_fpclass/ Disallow: /_overlay/ Disallow: /_private/
Disallow: /_themes/
What is the name of this file?
- A . robots.txt
- B . search.txt
- C . blocklist.txt
- D . spf.txt
Lori was performing an audit of her company’s internal Sharepoint pages when she came across the following code.
What is the purpose of this code?
- A . This JavaScript code will use a Web Bug to send information back to another server.
- B . This code snippet will send a message to a server at 192.154.124.55 whenever the "escape" key is pressed.
- C . This code will log all keystrokes.
- D . This bit of JavaScript code will place a specific image on every page of the RSS feed.
Anonymizer sites access the Internet on your behalf, protecting your personal information from disclosure. An anonymizer protects all of your computer’s identifying information while it surfs for you, enabling you to remain at least one step removed from the sites you visit.
You can visit Web sites without allowing anyone to gather information on sites visited by you. Services that provide anonymity disable pop-up windows and cookies, and conceal visitor’s IP address.
These services typically use a proxy server to process each HTTP request. When the user requests a Web page by clicking a hyperlink or typing a URL into their browser, the service retrieves and displays the information using its own server. The remote server (where the requested Web page resides) receives information on the anonymous Web surfing service in place of your information.
In which situations would you want to use anonymizer? (Select 3 answers)
- A . Increase your Web browsing bandwidth speed by using Anonymizer
- B . To protect your privacy and Identity on the Internet
- C . To bypass blocking applications that would prevent access to Web sites or parts of sites that you want to visit.
- D . Post negative entries in blogs without revealing your IP identity
In Buffer Overflow exploit, which of the following registers gets overwritten with return address of the exploit code?
- A . EEP
- B . ESP
- C . EAP
- D . EIP
Attackers footprint target Websites using Google Hacking techniques. Google hacking is a term that refers to the art of creating complex search engine queries. It detects websites that are vulnerable to numerous exploits and vulnerabilities. Google operators are used to locate specific strings of text within the search results.
The configuration file contains both a username and a password for an SQL database. Most sites with forums run a PHP message base. This file gives you the keys to that forum, including FULL ADMIN access to the database. WordPress uses config.php that stores the database Username and Password.
Which of the below Google search string brings up sites with "config.php" files?
- A . Search:index config/php
- B . WordPress:index config.php
- C . intitle:index.of config.php
- D . Config.php:index list
In the context of Trojans, what is the definition of a Wrapper?
- A . An encryption tool to protect the Trojan
- B . A tool used to bind the Trojan with a legitimate file
- C . A tool used to calculate bandwidth and CPU cycles wasted by the Trojan
- D . A tool used to encapsulate packets within a new header and footer
B
Explanation:
Wrapper does not change header or footer of any packets but it mix between legitimate file and Trojan file.
What type of Virus is shown here?
- A . Cavity Virus
- B . Macro Virus
- C . Boot Sector Virus
- D . Metamorphic Virus
- E . Sparse Infector Virus
BankerFox is a Trojan that is designed to steal users’ banking data related to certain banking entities.
When they access any website of the affected banks through the vulnerable Firefox 3.5 browser, the Trojan is activated and logs the information entered by the user. All the information entered in that website will be logged by the Trojan and transmitted to the attacker’s machine using covert channel.
BankerFox does not spread automatically using its own means. It needs an attacking user’s intervention in order to reach the affected computer.
What is the most efficient way an attacker located in remote location to infect this banking Trojan on a victim’s machine?
- A . Physical access – the attacker can simply copy a Trojan horse to a victim’s hard disk infecting the machine via Firefox add-on extensions
- B . Custom packaging – the attacker can create a custom Trojan horse that mimics the appearance of a program that is unique to that particular computer
- C . Custom packaging – the attacker can create a custom Trojan horse that mimics the appearance of a program that is unique to that particular computer
- D . Custom packaging – the attacker can create a custom Trojan horse that mimics the appearance of a program that is unique to that particular computer
- E . Downloading software from a website? An attacker can offer free software, such as shareware programs and pirated mp3 files
The following script shows a simple SQL injection.
The script builds an SQL query by concatenating hard-coded strings together with a string entered by the user:
The user is prompted to enter the name of a city on a Web form.
If she enters Chicago, the query assembled by the script looks similar to the following:
SELECT * FROM OrdersTable WHERE ShipCity = ‘Chicago’
How will you delete the OrdersTable from the database using SQL Injection?
- A . Chicago’; drop table OrdersTable -
- B . Delete table’blah’; OrdersTable -
- C . EXEC; SELECT * OrdersTable > DROP -
- D . cmdshell’; ‘del c:sqlmydbOrdersTable’ //
Jason works in the sales and marketing department for a very large advertising agency located in Atlanta. Jason is working on a very important marketing campaign for his company’s largest client. Before the project could be completed and implemented, a competing advertising company comes out with the exact same marketing materials and advertising, thus rendering all the work done for Jason’s client unusable. Jason is questioned about this and says he has no idea how all the material ended up in the hands of a competitor.
Without any proof, Jason’s company cannot do anything except move on. After working on another high profile client for about a month, all the marketing and sales material again ends up in the hands of another competitor and is released to the public before Jason’s company can finish the project. Once again, Jason says that he had nothing to do with it and does not know how this could have happened. Jason is given leave with pay until they can figure out what is going on.
Jason’s supervisor decides to go through his email and finds a number of emails that were sent to the competitors that ended up with the marketing material. The only items in the emails were attached jpg files, but nothing else. Jason’s supervisor opens the picture files, but cannot find anything out of the ordinary with them.
What technique has Jason most likely used?
- A . Stealth Rootkit Technique
- B . ADS Streams Technique
- C . Snow Hiding Technique
- D . Image Steganography Technique
Choose one of the following pseudo codes to describe this statement:
"If we have written 200 characters to the buffer variable, the stack should stop because it cannot hold any more data."
- A . If (I > 200) then exit (1)
- B . If (I < 200) then exit (1)
- C . If (I <= 200) then exit (1)
- D . If (I >= 200) then exit (1)
What port number is used by Kerberos protocol?
- A . 88
- B . 44
- C . 487
- D . 419
Which of the following statements would NOT be a proper definition for a Trojan Horse?
- A . An authorized program that has been designed to capture keyboard keystroke while the user is unaware of such activity being performed
- B . An unauthorized program contained within a legitimate program. This unauthorized program performs functions unknown (and probably unwanted) by the user
- C . A legitimate program that has been altered by the placement of unauthorized code within it; this code performs functions unknown (and probably unwanted) by the user
- D . Any program that appears to perform a desirable and necessary function but that (because of unauthorized code within it that is unknown to the user) performs functions unknown (and definitely unwanted) by the user
Syslog is a standard for logging program messages. It allows separation of the software that generates messages from the system that stores them and the software that reports and analyzes them. It also provides devices, which would otherwise be unable to communicate a means to notify administrators of problems or performance.
What default port Syslog daemon listens on?
- A . 242
- B . 312
- C . 416
- D . 514
This IDS defeating technique works by splitting a datagram (or packet) into multiple fragments and the IDS will not spot the true nature of the fully assembled datagram. The datagram is not reassembled until it reaches its final destination. It would be a processor-intensive task for IDS to reassemble all fragments itself, and on a busy system the packet will slip through the IDS onto the network.
What is this technique called?
- A . IP Routing or Packet Dropping
- B . IDS Spoofing or Session Assembly
- C . IP Fragmentation or Session Splicing
- D . IP Splicing or Packet Reassembly
Annie has just succeeded in stealing a secure cookie via a XSS attack. She is able to replay the cookie even while the session is invalid on the server.
Why do you think this is possible?
- A . It works because encryption is performed at the application layer (single encryption key)
- B . The scenario is invalid as a secure cookie cannot be replayed
- C . It works because encryption is performed at the network layer (layer 1 encryption)
- D . Any cookie can be replayed irrespective of the session status
More sophisticated IDSs look for common shellcode signatures. But even these systems can be bypassed, by using polymorphic shellcode. This is a technique common among virus writers?it basically hides the true nature of the shellcode in different disguises.
How does a polymorphic shellcode work?
- A . They encrypt the shellcode by XORing values over the shellcode, using loader code to decrypt the shellcode, and then executing the decrypted shellcode
- B . They convert the shellcode into Unicode, using loader to convert back to machine code then executing them
- C . They reverse the working instructions into opposite order by masking the IDS signatures
- D . They compress shellcode into normal instructions, uncompress the shellcode using loader code and then executing the shellcode
Fake Anti-Virus, is one of the most frequently encountered and persistent threats on the web. This malware uses social engineering to lure users into infected websites with a technique called Search Engine Optimization.
Once the Fake AV is downloaded into the user’s computer, the software will scare them into believing their system is infected with threats that do not really exist, and then push users to purchase services to clean up the non-existent threats.
The Fake AntiVirus will continue to send these annoying and intrusive alerts until a payment is made.
What is the risk of installing Fake AntiVirus?
- A . Victim’s Operating System versions, services running and applications installed will be published on Blogs and Forums
- B . Victim’s personally identifiable information such as billing address and credit card details, may be extracted and exploited by the attacker
- C . Once infected, the computer will be unable to boot and the Trojan will attempt to format the hard disk
- D . Denial of Service attack will be launched against the infected computer crashing other machines on the connected network
Bret is a web application administrator and has just read that there are a number of surprisingly common web application vulnerabilities that can be exploited by unsophisticated attackers with easily available tools on the Internet. He has also read that when an organization deploys a web application, they invite the world to send HTTP requests. Attacks buried in these requests sail past firewalls, filters, platform hardening, SSL, and IDS without notice because they are inside legal HTTP requests. Bret is determined to weed out vulnerabilities.
What are some of the common vulnerabilities in web applications that he should be concerned about?
- A . Non-validated parameters, broken access control, broken account and session management, cross-site scripting and buffer overflows are just a few common vulnerabilities
- B . Visible clear text passwords, anonymous user account set as default, missing latest security patch, no firewall filters set and no SSL configured are just a few common vulnerabilities
- C . No SSL configured, anonymous user account set as default, missing latest security patch, no firewall filters set and an inattentive system administrator are just a few common vulnerabilities
- D . No IDS configured, anonymous user account set as default, missing latest security patch, no firewall filters set and visible clear text passwords are just a few common vulnerabilities
Dan is conducting penetration testing and has found a vulnerability in a Web Application which gave him the sessionID token via a cross site scripting vulnerability. Dan wants to replay this token. However, the session ID manager (on the server) checks the originating IP address as well. Dan decides to spoof his IP address in order to replay the sessionID.
Why do you think Dan might not be able to get an interactive session?
- A . Dan cannot spoof his IP address over TCP network
- B . The scenario is incorrect as Dan can spoof his IP and get responses
- C . The server will send replies back to the spoofed IP address
- D . Dan can establish an interactive session only if he uses a NAT
You want to hide a secret.txt document inside c:windowssystem32tcpip.dll kernel library using ADS streams.
How will you accomplish this?
- A . copy secret.txt c:windowssystem32tcpip.dll kernel>secret.txt
- B . copy secret.txt c:windowssystem32tcpip.dll: secret.txt
- C . copy secret.txt c:windowssystem32tcpip.dll |secret.txt
- D . copy secret.txt >< c:windowssystem32tcpip.dll kernel secret.txt
Most cases of insider abuse can be traced to individuals who are introverted, incapable of dealing with stress or conflict, and frustrated with their job, office politics, and lack of respect or promotion. Disgruntled employees may pass company secrets and intellectual property to competitors for monitory benefits.
Here are some of the symptoms of a disgruntled employee:
a) Frequently leaves work early, arrive late or call in sick
b) Spends time surfing the Internet or on the phone
c) Responds in a confrontational, angry, or overly aggressive way to simple requests or comments
d) Always negative; finds fault with everything
These disgruntled employees are the biggest threat to enterprise security.
How do you deal with these threats? (Select 2 answers)
- A . Limit access to the applications they can run on their desktop computers and enforce strict work hour rules
- B . By implementing Virtualization technology from the desktop to the data centre, organizations can isolate different environments with varying levels of access and security to various employees
- C . Organizations must ensure that their corporate data is centrally managed and delivered to users just and when needed
- D . Limit Internet access, e-mail communications, access to social networking sites and job hunting portals
Peter extracts the SID list from Windows 2008 Server machine using the hacking tool "SIDExtracter". Here is the output of the SIDs:
From the above list identify the user account with System Administrator privileges?
- A . John
- B . Rebecca
- C . Sheela
- D . Shawn
- E . Somia
- F . Chang
- G . Micah
Stephanie works as a records clerk in a large office building in downtown Chicago. On Monday, she went to a mandatory security awareness class (Security5) put on by her company’s IT department. During the class, the IT department informed all employees that everyone’s Internet activity was thenceforth going to be monitored.
Stephanie is worried that her Internet activity might give her supervisor reason to write her up, or worse get her fired. Stephanie’s daily work duties only consume about four hours of her time, so she usually spends the rest of the day surfing the web. Stephanie really enjoys surfing the Internet but definitely does not want to get fired for it.
What should Stephanie use so that she does not get in trouble for surfing the Internet?
- A . Stealth IE
- B . Stealth Anonymizer
- C . Stealth Firefox
- D . Cookie Disabler
Google uses a unique cookie for each browser used by an individual user on a computer. This cookie contains information that allows Google to identify records about that user on its database. This cookie is submitted every time a user launches a Google search, visits a site using AdSense etc.
The information stored in Google’s database, identified by the cookie, includes
✑ Everything you search for using Google
✑ Every web page you visit that has Google Adsense ads
How would you prevent Google from storing your search keywords?
- A . Block Google Cookie by applying Privacy and Security settings in your web browser
- B . Disable the Google cookie using Google Advanced Search settings on Google Search page
- C . Do not use Google but use another search engine Bing which will not collect and store your search keywords
- D . Use MAC OS X instead of Windows 7. Mac OS has higher level of privacy controls by default.
Jimmy, an attacker, knows that he can take advantage of poorly designed input validation routines to create or alter SQL commands to gain access to private data or execute commands in the database.
What technique does Jimmy use to compromise a database?
- A . Jimmy can submit user input that executes an operating system command to compromise a target system
- B . Jimmy can gain control of system to flood the target system with requests, preventing legitimate users from gaining access
- C . Jimmy can utilize an incorrect configuration that leads to access with higher-than expected privilege of the database
- D . Jimmy can utilize this particular database threat that is an SQL injection technique to penetrate a target system
Bob waits near a secured door, holding a box. He waits until an employee walks up to the secured door and uses the special card in order to access the restricted area of the target company. Just as the employee opens the door, Bob walks up to the employee (still holding the box) and asks the employee to hold the door open so that he can enter.
What is the best way to undermine the social engineering activity of tailgating?
- A . Issue special cards to access secure doors at the company and provide a one-time only brief description of use of the special card
- B . Educate and enforce physical security policies of the company to all the employees on a regular basis
- C . Setup a mock video camera next to the special card reader adjacent to the secure door
- D . Post a sign that states, "no tailgating" next to the special card reader adjacent to the secure door
Which of the following tool would be considered as Signature Integrity Verifier (SIV)?
- A . Nmap
- B . SNORT
- C . VirusSCAN
- D . Tripwire
How do you defend against ARP Spoofing? Select three.
- A . Use ARPWALL system and block ARP spoofing attacks
- B . Tune IDS Sensors to look for large amount of ARP traffic on local subnets
- C . Use private VLANS
- D . Place static ARP entries on servers, workstation and routers
A,C,D
Explanation:
ARPwall is used in protecting against ARP spoofing. Incorrect answer:
IDS option may works fine in case of monitoring the traffic from outside the network but not from internal hosts.